Model year

2016 Buick Enclave

SUV, gasoline, FWD/Front-Wheel Drive, built in United States. Owner complaints on file from Jan 19, 2016 to Aug 31, 2026.

Recall campaigns covering this model year41.03M vehicles or units across those campaigns
Owner complaints1413.4 times the median 2016 suv
Severity index2.82016 suvs average 6.0
First 24 months6Complaints in its first two years
Complaints over time

Complaints about the 2016 Buick Enclave peaked in 2024, with 67 filed

Owner complaints about this model year, by the year they were filed with NHTSA.

0204060802016201720182019202020212022202320246720252026
Source: NHTSA ODI complaints file. The lighter column runs through October.
Components

78% of complaints about the 2016 Buick Enclave name airbags

Owner complaints by component. Hover or focus a bar for the crash, fire, injury or death count.

Airbags
110
Powertrain
10
Engine and cooling
9
Electrical system
8
Seat belts
3
Steering
3
Structure
3
Fuel system
2
Equipment
1
Visibility and wipers
1
Source: NHTSA ODI complaints file. A complaint can name more than one component; it is counted under the first.
Recalls

4 recall campaigns cover the 2016 Buick Enclave

Check a specific vehicle by VIN on NHTSA's site: a campaign may cover only part of a model year's production.

Recall campaigns for the 2016 Buick Enclave
CampaignFiledSubjectComponentVehiclesRemedy
23V-334May 10, 2023Driver's air bag inflator may explode during deployment, due to a manufacturing defectAirbags995,085Part replacement
21V-782Oct 7, 2021Driver's air bag inflator may explode during deployment, due to a manufacturing defectAirbags555Part replacement
15V-833Dec 11, 2015Affected vehicles have a the third row left lower seat frame that may have welds that are not in the correction locationSeats2,633Part replacement
15V-609Sep 29, 2015Due to a manufacturing defect, the windshield wiper motor may overheat when usedVisibility and wipers29,295Part replacement
Source: NHTSA ODI recalls file.
Owner complaints

What owners reported about the 2016 Buick Enclave

The full text of every complaint filed with NHTSA about this model year, newest first. Complaints are filed by owners and are not verified by NHTSA; NHTSA removes personal details before publishing.

141 complaints on file, page 1 of 8.

  1. Filed Aug 31, 2026Failure Jul 27, 2026Saginaw, MIElectrical system, Engine, Power train

    I purchased this used 2016 Buick Enclave in July 2026. Shortly after purchase, the vehicle began repeatedly jerking and hesitating while driving. During occurrences, Traction Control/StabiliTrak warnings appeared and the vehicle experienced loss of power and difficulty accelerating normally. I reported the jerking/drivability problem to the selling dealer. On July 27, 2026, the selling dealer attempted a repair after I reported the jerking/drivability problem. Within approximately five minutes of leaving the dealership, the vehicle began jerking again. I then took the vehicle to an auto-parts store, where an OBD-II scan produced multiple diagnostic trouble codes, including P0300 engine misfire and several MAP-sensor-related codes. I have photographs documenting the scan results. The vehicle became disabled shortly thereafter and required towing. It was subsequently evaluated by an independent repair facility, where the MAP sensor was replaced. The vehicle later again experienced the jerking/loss-of-power condition and StabiliTrak/Traction Control warnings. On August 10, the vehicle became disabled again. These incidents have occurred while driving in traffic. When the condition occurs, I cannot reliably accelerate or maintain normal vehicle operation, creating a safety concern because I may be unable to move safely with surrounding traffic. The specific cause is UNKNOWN. The vehicle has been evaluated by the selling dealer and an independent repair facility and is being taken to an authorized Buick dealership for further diagnosis. The vehicle is available for inspection.

    NHTSA complaint 11760960
  2. Filed Jul 8, 2026Failure Jun 18, 2026Minneapolis, MNElectrical system, Engine, Power train

    Traction stabilization light comes on very frequently and vehicle loses power, step on gas and it sputters can’t get out of any one’s way, they throw parts at it and never fixes. From feedback off internet a big problem 2008-2017 enclaves

    NHTSA complaint 11749129
  3. Filed Feb 26, 2026Failure Feb 26, 2026lansing, MIAir bags

    I am seeing that these have been repaired, when in fact it has not been repaired.

    NHTSA complaint 11720753
  4. Filed Dec 1, 2025Failure Nov 25, 2025193,000 milesAlvin, TXSpeedometer/odometer

    Odometer Fraud. The contact purchased a 2016 Buick Enclave on November 25, 2025 from an independent dealer. It was later discovered that there was a mileage discrepancy. At the time of purchase, the Odometer reading was 102,068. After contacting Endurance Warranty Company, the contact was informed that the Odometer mileage was 193,000. No other agency was contacted regarding the mileage discrepancy.

    NHTSA complaint 11702282
  5. Filed Aug 22, 2025Failure May 6, 2025Fresno, CAUnknown or other

    We have had spark plugs fixed twice in the past 4 months and they keep faltering. Both mechanics changed them

    NHTSA complaint 11682503
  6. Filed Aug 21, 2025Failure Aug 21, 2025Petal, MSAir bags

    The contact owns a 2016 Buick Enclave. The contact received notification of NHTSA Campaign Number: 23V334000 (Air Bags); however, the part to do the recall repair was not yet available. The vehicle was taken to the dealer, but was not diagnosed or repaired. The dealer confirmed that parts were not yet available. The contact stated that the manufacturer had exceeded a reasonable amount of time for the recall repair. The manufacturer was not made aware of the issue. The contact had not experienced a failure.

    NHTSA complaint 11682235
  7. Filed Aug 13, 2025Failure May 10, 2023Palm Harbor, FLAir bags

    The contact owns a 2016 Buick Enclave. The contact received notification of NHTSA Campaign Number: 23V334000 (Air Bags); however, the part to do the recall repair was unavailable. The contact stated that the manufacturer had exceeded a reasonable amount of time for the recall repair. The dealer was contacted and confirmed that parts were not yet available. The manufacturer was made aware of the issue. The contact had not experienced a failure.

    NHTSA complaint 11680318
  8. Filed Jul 14, 2025Failure May 10, 2023Green Bay, WIAir bags

    The contact owns a 2016 Buick Enclave. The contact received notification of NHTSA Campaign Number: 23V334000 (Air Bags); however, the part to do the recall repair was not yet available. The contact called several dealers and was informed that the part was on backorder. The contact stated that the manufacturer had exceeded a reasonable amount of time for the recall repair. The manufacturer was not made aware of the issue. The contact had not experienced a failure. Parts distribution disconnect.

    NHTSA complaint 11673316
  9. Filed Apr 7, 2025Failure May 10, 2023Cherokee, OKAir bags

    The contact owns a 2016 Buick Enclave. The contact received notification of NHTSA Campaign Number: 23V334000 (Air Bags); however, the part to do the recall repair was not yet available. The local dealer was contacted. The contact stated that the manufacturer had exceeded a reasonable amount of time for the recall repair. The manufacturer was not made aware of the issue. The contact had not experienced a failure. Parts distribution disconnect.

    NHTSA complaint 11653162
  10. Filed Feb 16, 2025Failure Feb 11, 2025Manvel, TXElectrical system, Engine, Unknown or other

    During a rainstorm water is entering the fuse box under the glove box and the carpet and padding underneath is soaking wet on the right front floor.When the fuse case was opened water started to drip out.The engine continues to run with the key off and the only way to stop it is to pull the ignition fuse under the hood. Unfortunately the battery died by morning and I could not get it charged for a few days. Now I have learned how to take the battery cover off which is located in the back of the car and remove the plastic covers under the mat so I can disconnect the battery so it doesn't run down. The rear wiper will not shut off now since this started.I am a 75 yr old widow and wonder how this problem has not been on a recall. It causes a very dangerous situation.I will try to see if I can get it into a Buick dealer this week and pray God it doesn't cost me an arm and leg to repair it. There are service bulletins on this problem and seems to be quite freqent yet I have not received any notifications from you.If this happens at night in a parking lot what am I to do? Can the car catch on fire by not shutting off?

    NHTSA complaint 11643046
  11. Filed Feb 12, 2025Failure May 10, 2023Tucson, AZAir bags

    My airbags were recalled May 10, 2023 and I have been trying to get them replaced under recall # 23V334 for over a year now and am continously told that the part is on backorder.

    NHTSA complaint 11642320
  12. Filed Jan 18, 2025Failure May 10, 2023Germantown, MDAir bags

    I am writing to bring to your attention a serious concern regarding General Motors (GM) and the incomplete recall of certain vehicles that pose significant safety risks to consumers. Specifically, I am referring to the recall announced on May 10, 2023, under Manufacturer Recall Number N232404980 and NHTSA Recall Number 23V334, affecting the 2014-2017 model year Buick Enclave, Chevrolet Traverse, and GMC Acadia. According to the recall notice, a defect related to motor vehicle safety exists in these vehicles due to a potential manufacturing defect in the front-driver airbag inflator. This defect may lead to inflator rupture during deployment, allowing metal fragments to enter the vehicle interior, which could result in severe injury or death to occupants. The safety risks associated with this defect are alarming, and it is unacceptable that GM has failed to provide a timely remedy for affected consumers. The recall status remains incomplete, leaving many vehicle owners, including myself, in a precarious situation regarding our safety. Additionally, my vehicle is financed through Wells Fargo, and unfortunately, my warranty has expired. This leaves me with no available remedies for a critical safety issue that GM should be addressing. I believe that GM has not fulfilled its obligations under applicable laws and regulations concerning vehicle safety recalls. As a consumer, I urge the NHTSA to take action to ensure that GM expedites the remedy process for this critical safety issue and holds them accountable for the potential risks posed to my minor children and provide a remedy to consumers.

    NHTSA complaint 11636734
  13. Filed Jan 13, 2025Failure Jun 15, 2023Gulf Shores, ALAir bags

    The contact owns a 2016 Buick Enclave. The contact received notification of NHTSA Campaign Number: 23V334000 (AIR BAGS); however, the part to do the recall repair was unavailable. The contact stated that the manufacturer had exceeded a reasonable amount of time for the recall repair. The manufacturer was made aware of the issue. The contact had not experienced a failure. Parts distribution disconnect.

    NHTSA complaint 11635662
  14. Filed Dec 26, 2024Failure Dec 26, 2024Tallahassee, FLAir bags

    The contact owns a 2016 Buick Enclave. The contact received notification of NHTSA Campaign Number: 23V334000 (Air Bags) however, the part to do the repair was unavailable. The contact stated that the manufacturer exceeded a reasonable amount of time for the recall repair. The manufacturer was made aware of the issue. The contact had not experienced a failure. Parts distribution disconnect.

    NHTSA complaint 11632403
  15. Filed Dec 23, 2024Failure Dec 23, 2024Lakeland, FLAir bags

    Everytime I call the dealership they say there is no fix to this recall that could potentially injure or kill me while driving.

    NHTSA complaint 11632051
  16. Filed Nov 7, 2024Failure Nov 7, 2024North Port, FLAir bags

    The contact owns a 2016 Buick Enclave. The contact received notification of NHTSA Campaign Number: 23V334000 (Air Bags); however, the part to do the recall repair was not yet available. The local dealer was contacted. The contact stated that the manufacturer had exceeded a reasonable amount of time for the recall repair. The manufacturer was not made aware of the issue. The contact had not experienced a failure. Parts distribution disconnect.

    NHTSA complaint 11624008
  17. Filed Nov 3, 2024Failure May 13, 2023Rougemont, NCAir bags

    This recall has been open for over a year with no indication of when the repair will be made. For something like an airbag, this extended time seems unreasonable. Please "encourage" GM to make the repair parts available to its dealerships ASAP.

    NHTSA complaint 11623318
  18. Filed Oct 4, 2024Failure Sep 11, 2024Anchorage, AKAir bags

    See attached document for complaint.

    NHTSA complaint 11618115
  19. Filed Aug 20, 2024Failure Jul 11, 2024Lakewood, CAAir bags

    See attached document for complaint.

    NHTSA complaint 11609610
  20. Filed Aug 19, 2024Failure Jun 1, 2024Mount Sterling, KYAir bags

    See attached document for complaint.

    NHTSA complaint 11609416
Source: NHTSA ODI complaints file.
Investigations

NHTSA has not opened an investigation on this model year

Source: NHTSA ODI investigations file.
Service bulletins

1,150 manufacturer communications cover this model year

Technical service bulletins and other notices the manufacturer sent to dealers. A bulletin is not a recall; the 60 most recent are listed.

  • PIT5698F Sep 26, 2026 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This PI provides Diagnostics tips on how the LIN bus works and how to diagnosis it.
  • PIP4902W Sep 4, 2026 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This preliminary information advises a dealer on how to email GDS2 session logs into Technical Assistance.
  • PIT6002C Jul 27, 2026 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This is to advise about a part concern
  • PIT5099J Jul 21, 2026 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    PI to help diagnose A/C concern
  • PIT3271Q Apr 1, 2026 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This preliminary information communicates information about how to determine if a wheel and tires size change is available.
  • PIP6104 Mar 9, 2026 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This Preliminary information communicates the steps on how to save a GDS2 Session Log and upload to a Technical Assistance Case in CX Connect.
  • PIP4902V Mar 9, 2026 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This preliminary information advises a dealer on how to email GDS2 session logs into Technical Assistance.
  • PIP4902U Jan 8, 2026 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This preliminary information advises a dealer on how to email GDS2 session logs into Technical Assistance.
  • 25-NA-156 Jun 7, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This service bulletin provides information on Tire Sidewall Irregularities.
  • 00-06-01-026R Jun 5, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This service bulletin provides information on replacing the intake manifold when the engine is replaced after severe internal engine damage.
  • PIT5214G Nov 20, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This Preliminary Information communication provides information to the technician about vehicles that have had multiple repair attempts that are being performed on customer’s vehicles that exhibit vibration conditions without utilizing the support of Genera…
  • 23-NA-153 May 15, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    The service bulletin advises the tech of a normal transmission shift condition and the delay in throttle response when the throttle plate is opened rapidly and advises the customer that it is normal for the delay.
  • 13598 Sep 9, 2025 · Other
    New Vehicle Monitoring Programs Section in IVH
  • PIP4902T Aug 14, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This preliminary information advises a dealer on how to email GDS2 session logs into Technical Assistance.
  • PIC5650M Aug 7, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This Preliminary Information communication provides information to the technician about vehicles that have an intermittent no crank, no start, or start stall concern with the security light coming on. Technician may find Diagnostic Trouble Codes B3055, B306…
  • 15-NA-010 May 7, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This service bulletin provides information to dealership personnel for new vehicles with less than 1,000 miles that may not pass California smog inspection or smog inspection in other states.
  • PIP4902S Jun 9, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This preliminary information advises a dealer on how to email GDS2 session logs into Technical Assistance.
  • PI0281L Apr 17, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This preliminary informational (PI) bulletin provides information to dealership personnel that may be helpful when addressing underbody component corrosion with customers.
  • PIT5074R May 30, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This Preliminary Information communication provides information to the technician about the use of J-35616-64B and Mini 50 terminal test probe, replacement terminals, and terminated leads.
  • PIT5074R May 30, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This Preliminary Information communication provides information to the technician about the use of J-35616-64B and Mini 50 terminal test probe, replacement terminals, and terminated leads.
  • PIT5074R May 30, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This Preliminary Information communication provides information to the technician about the use of J-35616-64B and Mini 50 terminal test probe, replacement terminals, and terminated leads.
  • 13-02-32-001H Apr 11, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This service bulletin provides a procedure to flush and bleed power steering system to correct a power steering noise or fluid leak concern that is caused during extremely low temperatures.
  • 07-00-89-037W Apr 8, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This warranty administration bulletin provides policy information for GM courtesy transportation and roadside assistance programs.
  • PIP4964F May 29, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This Preliminary Information communication provides information to the technician about vehicles that have a Service Engine Soon Malfunction Indicator Lamp on. Technician will find Diagnostic Trouble Code P2097 or P2099. Technician will need to perform an i…
  • 25-NA-087 Apr 3, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This service bulletin provides information on the proper Reflective High Temperature Heat and/or Insulating Tape to use for certain repairs, such as Wiring Harness Repairs.
  • 25-NA-052 Mar 25, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This bulletin advises the technician to flush the cooling system multiple times if oil has been found in the cooling system and replace the parts that may be contaminated due to oil in system.
  • 13-08-116-001K Mar 31, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    The intent of this service bulletin is to identify aftermarket ALDL or DLC interface devices as potential sources for causing multiple customer concerns that do not have other diagnostic methods to identify them.
  • 24-NA-098 Mar 21, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This service bulletin provides information for dealers/technicians on Service Programming System (SPS) Error Codes E4398, E4399, E4401, E4403, M4404, M4413, M6954, M6955, E4414, E4423, E4491, E4492, or E6961 and resolution information.
  • 25-NA-065 Mar 21, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This informational bulletin instructs the tech when fuel/fluid is needed to be tested and where it can be sent for analysis.
  • 15-06-03-001F Mar 12, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This service bulletin provides information to diagnose batteries that have set for a long period of time and/or cold weather climates and testing those batteries.
  • 08-03-10-006I Mar 14, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This service bulletin provides a procedure on how to clean and resurface aluminum wheel bead seats for vehicles that have the condition of Tire Slowly Goes Flat, Tire Air Loss, Low Tire Pressure Warning Light Illuminated, Aluminum Wheel Bead Seat Corrosion.
  • 25-NA-052 Mar 4, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This bulletin advises the technician to flush the cooling system multiple times if oil has been found in the cooling system and replace the parts that may be contaminated due to oil in system.
  • 17-NA-073 Mar 5, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This warranty administration bulletin provides information regarding the field action courtesy transportation policy.
  • 05-03-07-009L Feb 25, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This service bulletin provides information on Wheel Alignment Specifications, Requirements and Recommendations for GM Vehicles.
  • 11-00-89-005Y Feb 22, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This Warranty Administration bulletin provides information on Dealer Empowerment for Goodwill, Customer Enthusiasm and Policy (U.S. Only).
  • 05-08-51-001L Feb 20, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This informational bulletin provides a procedure on how to remove the paint stain that may present itself under the shipping film.
  • 16-NA-109 Feb 18, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This service bulletin provides a procedure inspecting for excess grease or Sealant on the Exterior of the steering gear due to seeing grease or sealant on certain locations on the gear.
  • 07-00-89-037V Feb 13, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This warranty administration bulletin provides policy information for GM courtesy transportation and roadside assistance programs.
  • PIP5358D Feb 20, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This Preliminary Information communication provides information to the technician about vehicles that have an unusual noise and is difficult to identify, isolate or pinpoint. Technician should get record a sound clip or take a video of the noise for assessm…
  • 22-NA-074 Jan 30, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This service bulletin provides service information to technicians on guidelines to replace Oil Cooler, Oil Cooler Lines and Oil Tank if the engine was replaced where large amounts of debris has flowed throughout the oiling system.
  • 21-NA-043 Jan 31, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This bulletin advises the dealers to maintain the vehicle stock on hand by doing a full inspection on the vehicles before being sold (prepping) to the customer.
  • 10-08-110-001L Jan 31, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This service bulletin provides information on proper use of floor mats.
  • 01-08-42-001Q Jan 27, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This service bulletin provides information on Exterior Lamp Condensation and Water Leak Information and Replacement Guidelines.
  • 09-06-04-026Z Jan 9, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This bulletin provides information on identifying Non-GM Engine Calibrations for Gasoline Engines using the Tech 2 or GDS 2.
  • 07-00-89-037U Jan 4, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This warranty administration bulletin provides policy information for GM courtesy transportation and roadside assistance programs.
  • 20-NA-132 Jan 7, 2025 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This warranty administration bulletin provides policy information on the requirements for 12V battery testing and warranty replacements.
  • 18-NA-263 Dec 14, 2024 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This warranty administration bulletin provide policy information for variable diagnostic time allowances on select labor operations (U.S. Only).
  • 17-NA-271 Nov 26, 2024 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This service bulletin provides a procedure to clean the back side of the rims and rotors and to correct the customer concern of wheel clicking.
  • 08-07-30-035I Nov 27, 2024 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This service bulletin provides information on the harmful effects of ethylene glycol in transmission fluid.
  • 19-NA-219 Nov 22, 2024 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This diagnostic tip bulletin provides additional information on how to diagnose a possible valve, lifter or camshaft issue.
  • PIT5962B Dec 6, 2024 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This Preliminary information communicates a GM part number for reflective high temperature heat or insulating tape when repairing wiring harnesses.
  • PIT5074Q Dec 7, 2024 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This Preliminary Information communication provides information to the technician about the use of J-35616-64B terminal test probe, replacement terminals, and terminated leads. The J-35616-64B is the latest test probe released for checking tension or probin…
  • 21-NA-043 Nov 5, 2024 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This bulletin advises the dealers to maintain the vehicle stock on hand by doing a full inspection on the vehicles before being sold (prepping) to the customer.
  • PIP6015 Oct 16, 2024 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This Preliminary information communicates to the dealer a process for accessing the procedure to add attachments to a GM technical assistance case using the dealer case management tool.
  • PIP5621E Oct 4, 2024 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This Preliminary information communicates to the dealer  technician that TAC recommends the utilization of the GDS2 software to aid in diagnosing automatic transmission concerns. TAC is requesting the GDS2 session logs be sent in before the dealer contacts …
  • 04-06-01-029K Oct 28, 2024 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This informational bulletin explains Unscheduled Supplemental Services and the importance of GM Simplified Maintenance Schedules.
  • PIT6261 Dec 4, 2024 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This Preliminary information communicates to dealers GM is working on a solution for outdated Apps
  • 24-NA-040 Oct 11, 2024 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This service bulletin provides information on All hazmat parts being returned to the Warranty Parts Center (WPC) must be shipped using Central Transport. Hazardous materials should never be sent by air transportation to the WPC.
  • 10-00-89-009F Oct 9, 2024 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This service bulletin provides information on key code security rules and information on GM keycode look-up applications (U.S).
  • 23-NA-154 Oct 2, 2024 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This bulletin provides information on Warranty Administration – Required Operating Procedures - 8 Points (U.S. Only).
Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications files.