Model year

1998 GMC Suburban

SUV, 4WD/4-Wheel Drive/4x4, built in Mexico. Owner complaints on file from Feb 24, 1998 to Aug 1, 2011.

Recall campaigns covering this model year3597k vehicles or units across those campaigns
Owner complaints1007.1 times the median 1998 suv
Severity index13.01998 suvs average 14.2
First 24 months16Complaints in its first two years
Complaints over time

Complaints about the 1998 GMC Suburban peaked in 2003, with 20 filed

Owner complaints about this model year, by the year they were filed with NHTSA.

05101520199820012020042007201020132016201920222026
Source: NHTSA ODI complaints file. The lighter column runs through October.
Components

29% of complaints about the 1998 GMC Suburban name brakes

Owner complaints by component. Hover or focus a bar for the crash, fire, injury or death count.

Brakes
29
Visibility and wipers
17
Electrical system
16
Powertrain
15
Tires
11
Steering
7
Engine and cooling
5
Fuel system
5
Seat belts
4
Equipment
3
Source: NHTSA ODI complaints file. A complaint can name more than one component; it is counted under the first.
Recalls

3 recall campaigns cover the 1998 GMC Suburban

Check a specific vehicle by VIN on NHTSA's site: a campaign may cover only part of a model year's production.

Recall campaigns for the 1998 GMC Suburban
CampaignFiledSubjectComponentVehiclesRemedy
06E-043May 19, 2006Certain replacement fuel filters, fram brand name p/n g3727, with date codes x52911 through x60801 sequentially or x600141 and a mexico country or…Fuel system88,303Part replacement
03V-093Mar 7, 2003Certain sport utility vehicles, mini vans, and pickup trucks may develop a short circuit in the electric outside rearview mirror switchVisibility and wipers507,171Repair or modification
98V-033Feb 17, 1998Vehicle description: light duty pickup trucks and multi-purpose passenger vehiclesBrakes1,137Part replacement
Source: NHTSA ODI recalls file.
Owner complaints

What owners reported about the 1998 GMC Suburban

The full text of every complaint filed with NHTSA about this model year, newest first. Complaints are filed by owners and are not verified by NHTSA; NHTSA removes personal details before publishing.

100 complaints on file, page 1 of 5.

  1. Filed Aug 1, 2011Failure Jun 30, 201195,000 milesRoyal OAK, MIUnknown or other

    WHILE SITTING.. STANDING STILL.. PARKED.. THE SPARE TIRE IN THE REAR OF THE SUBURBAN EXPLODED.. I DISCOVERED THIS SEVERAL DAYS LATER.. THE EXPLOSION CAUSED APPROXIMATELY $650 IN DAMAGE.. NOT INCLUDING THE COST OF THE TIRE ITSELF.. I CONTACTED B.F. GOODRICH AND WAS ASSIGNED A CLAIM NUMBER .. A CASE NUMBER.. 2983357.. I SUBMITTED INFORMATIONTTO B.F. GOODRICH WITH NO REPLY AT THIS TIME..

    NHTSA complaint 10417333
  2. Filed Oct 26, 2007Failure Oct 24, 2007109,200 milesSouth Portland, MEService brakes, Antilock/traction control/electronic limited slipCrash

    I HAVE A 1998 GMC SUBURBAN JUST PURCHASED AND I EXPERIENCED THE SAME PROBLEM DESCRIBED IN RECALL #05V379000. RESULT WAS MY WIFE SLAMMED INTO THE BACK OF ANOTHER CAR IN OUR DRIVEWAY. DAMAGE WAS MINIMAL BUT I SURE DON'T WANT HER DRIVING THIS VEHICLE UNTIL IT IS FIXED! I CALLED GM AND THEY SAID THIS YEAR (1998) IS NOT EFFECTED! YEAH, RIGHT! *TR

    NHTSA complaint 10206982
  3. Filed Aug 1, 2006Failure Jul 18, 2006Kigston, GATread/beltCrash1 injured

    PREVIOUS SEPARATION OF THE TREAD ON PASSENGER REAR TIRE, REPLACED WITH SPARE ON JULY 18, 2006. CHECKED ALL OTHER TIRES SHOWED GOOD CONDITION. JULY 24, 2006 WHILE DRIVING FREEWAY SEPARATION OF DRIVER SIDE TIRE TREAD CAUSED MAJOR CAR ACCIDENT. SUMMIT PREMIUM PLUS TIRES. *JB

    NHTSA complaint 10164121
  4. Filed Feb 23, 2006Failure Feb 23, 2006113,000 milesWarren, MIService brakes, Antilock/traction control/electronic limited slip

    DT*: THE CONTACT STATED AT SPEEDS BELOW 10 MPH, THE ABS WOULD PUMP AND GRAB. AS A RESULT, THE BRAKE PEDAL NEEDED EXCESSIVE PRESSURE TO STOP. THE DEALERSHIP DETERMINED THE DRIVER SIDE FRONT HUB AND BEARING NEEDED TO BE REPLACED. THERE IS A NHTSA RECALL, # 05V379000, REGARDING THE ANTI-LOCK BRAKES. THE VEHICLE HAS THE SAME PROBLEMS AS INDICATED IN THE RECALL; HOWEVER, IT IS NOT INCLUDED IN THE RECALL DUE TO THE VIN. THE CONSUMER WAS INFORMED THE ABS SENSORS NEEDED TO BE REPLACED. UPDATED 03/17/06. 8JB

    NHTSA complaint 10151029
  5. Filed Jan 11, 2006Failure Nov 11, 2005110,000 milesPocatello, IDSeat heater/cooler

    DT: THE CONTACT STATED WHILE THE ENGINE WAS WARMING UP, AND A FEW MINUTES LATER WHILE GETTING IN TO THE VEHICLE, THE PASSENGER'S SEAT WAS SMOKING. THE HEATER IN THE SEAT BURNED A HOLE IN THE SEAT. THE VEHICLE WAS TAKEN TO THE DEALERSHIP FOR INSPECTION. THE DEALERSHIP TOLD THE CONTACT IF THE SEAT HEATER WAS TURNED ON AGAIN IT WOULD SHORT OUT. *AK

    NHTSA complaint 10147484
  6. Filed Dec 6, 2005Failure Jun 30, 2005Hartland, MIService brakes, Antilock/traction control/electronic limited slip

    DT: THE CONTACT STATES THERE IS A NHTSA RECALL CAMPAIGN 05V379000 CONCERNING THE ANTI LOCK BRAKES. THIS VEHICLE HAS THE SAME PROBLEMS AS INDICATED IN THE RECALL, BUT IT IS NOT INCLUDED IN THE RECALL DUE TO VIN AND THE MODEL YEAR. THE CONTACT REPAIRED THE VEHICLE AT HER OWN EXPENSE.*AK

    NHTSA complaint 10144594
  7. Filed Nov 12, 2005Failure Jun 15, 2004Rochester, NYWiring, Fuel system, Fuel pump

    WIRING TO THE ELECTRIC FUEL PUMP CAN OVER HEAT (AND POSSIBLY CAUSE A FIRE) WHEN THE FUEL PUMP FAILS. THIS WOULD OCCUR WHEN THE FUEL PUMP IS IN A FAILED (LOCKED) CONDITION WHILE POWER IS APPLIED TO THE PUMP. THE ELECTRICAL CURRENT DRAW IS HIGHER THAN THE RATING OF THE WIRING. *JB

    NHTSA complaint 10142512
  8. Filed Sep 2, 2005Failure Aug 15, 2005102,000 milesGalway, NYService brakes, Antilock/traction control/electronic limited slip

    ABS LOCKED AT LOW SPEEDS. *AK

    NHTSA complaint 10135149
  9. Filed Sep 2, 2005Failure Jul 31, 2005100,000 milesGalway, NYService brakes, Antilock/traction control/electronic limited slip

    DT: THE CONSUMER STATED THAT THE ABS LOCKED UP AT LOW SPEEDS. THE CONSUMER STATED THAT THIS HAPPENS EVERY TIME SHE SLOWED DOWN. THE PROBLEM WOULD OCCUR AT 10 MPH AND SLOWER WHEN PULLING INTO PARKING SPOTS. THERE WAS A RECALL ON THIS FOR OTHER GMC VEHICLES. RECALL CAMPAIGN #05V379000; ANTI-LOCK. THE MANUFACTURER HAD BEEN CONTACTED. THE DEALER WAS CALLED BUT THEY HAVE NO INFORMATION ON THE RECALL YET. *JB (11/17/05) THE CONSUMER STATED THAT SHE ALMOST WENT THROUGH THE STORE WINDOW AS A RESULT OF THIS PROBLEM. *SC

    NHTSA complaint 10135147
  10. Filed Jul 25, 2005Failure Jun 1, 2005109,968 milesWinton, CAFrontalCrash

    DT: THE CONTACT OWNS A 1998 GMC SUBURBAN. HE STATES THAT ON JUNE 1, 2005 VEHICLE WAS IN A ACCIDENT AND WAS HIT IN THE FRONT END. UPON IMPACT, NONE OF THE AIR BAGS DEPLOYED.*AK

    NHTSA complaint 10125153
  11. Filed Jun 29, 2005Failure Jan 1, 1901Roanoke, VASwitch/wiring

    CONSUMER DISAPPOINTED WITH THE LACK OF RECALLS ON THE DEFECTIVE WINDSHIELD WIPER CIRCUIT BOARD ON HIS 1998 GMC SUBURBAN. *NM ARTEMIS DOWN UNTIL JULY,05 AAE THE CONSUMER RECENTLY HEARD ABOUT RECALL OF SEVERAL VEHICLE WHICH HAVE THE SAME WIPER COMPONENT. THE WIPERS FAILED WHILE DRIVING IN A RAIN STORM AT 70 MPH. *NM

    NHTSA complaint 10127923
  12. Filed Apr 15, 2005Failure Jun 15, 2003Greensboro, NCService brakes, Antilock/traction control/electronic limited slipCrash

    BRAKES DO NOT STOP THE VEHICLE PROPERLY. *AK

    NHTSA complaint 10117956
  13. Filed Mar 27, 2005Failure Jun 15, 200310,000 milesGreensboro, NCService brakes, Antilock/traction control/electronic limited slip, VacuumCrash

    CRASH

    NHTSA complaint 10114816
  14. Filed Mar 16, 2005Failure Aug 1, 2003Beckley, WVService brakes, Rotor

    CONSUMER REQUEST FOR REIMBURSEMENT OF REPAIRS ON GMC 1998 SUBURBAN. *BF THE CONSUMER LEARNED OF A RECALL REGARDING THE ROTORS, HOWEVER THE DEALER INFORMED THE CONSUMER THE RECALL WAS ONLY FOR C TYPE TRUCKS NOT K AND THE ONLY DIFFERENCE BEING A C IS A TWO WHEEL DRIVE AND THE K TYPE IS FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE. *JB

    NHTSA complaint 10115739
  15. Filed Jan 11, 2005Failure Jan 30, 200250,000 milesPlymouth, MNSteering

    THIS CONCERNS NHTSA ACTION NUMBER : EA99011. I HAD A STEERING MODULE THAT FAILED. PRIOR TO REPLACEMENT OF THE MODULE, THE STEERING WHEEL WOULD PERIODICALLY JERK AS IF TO INCREASE THE RATE OF TURN SIGNIFICANTLY WHEN I WAS IN A TURN, EITHER LEFT OR RIGHT. AFTER REPLACEMENT OF THIS MODULE AT THE GMC DEALERSHIP (AT ABOUT 50,000 MILES, AS I RECALL), THE JERKING INSTANTLY STOPPED. I NOW HAVE ABOUT 111,000 MILES, AND THE SAME JERKING HAS BEGUN AGAIN (AT ABOUT 100,000 MILES) FROM TIME TO TIME. IF A DRIVER UNFAMILIAR TO THE PROPENSITY TO JERK IN TURNS WAS DRIVING, I COULD DEFINITELY SEE WHERE THE UNEXPECTED JERKING MAY CAUSE THEM TO LOSE CONTROL. THE LATEST JERKING COMES AND GOES AND IS NOT VERY CONSISTENT FROM WEEK TO WEEK YET. WHEN IT GETS MORE CONSISTENT, I WILL ASK THE DEALERSHIP TO REPLACE THE MODULE. I DON'T PRESENTLY RECALL FOR SURE, BUT I THINK I MAY HAVE PAID FOR HAVING THE SENSOR MODULE REPLACED THE FIRST TIME. THE INCIDENT DATE BELOW IS AN ESTIMATE, SINCE I DON'T HAVE MY RECORDS OF THE FIRST STEERING MODULE REPLACEMENT WITH ME AS I AM FILLING OUT THIS FORM. ALSO, THE PURCHASE DATE WAS IN JANUARY, 2000, BUT I DON'T RECALL THE EXACT PURCHASE DATE AND DON'T HAVE MY PURCHASE RECORDS WITH ME.*AK

    NHTSA complaint 10106117
  16. Filed Sep 28, 2004Failure Mar 1, 200412,500 milesBatavia, NYService brakes, Rotor

    WHILE APPLYING THE BRAKE PEDAL THE BRAKES FAILED. CONSUMER WAS ABLE TO MAINTAIN CONTROL OF THE VEHICLE, AND PULLED OVER. CONSUMER INSPECTED THE VEHICLE AND NOTICED THAT THE ROTORS NEEDED TO BE REPLACED DUE TO CORROSION. THIS INFORMATION WAS PROVIDED HELEN'S BOY FRIEND ERICK WUNK.*AK FRONT PASSENGER BRAKE ROTOR SEPARATED FROM LUG BOLT HUB. DRIVERS SIDE ROTTER ALSO READY TO SEPARATE. GMC RECALLED THIS PART BUT NOT FOR THE SERIAL NUMBER OF THE CONSUMERS VEHICLE. CONSUMER REPLACED PARTS AT HIS OWN EXPENSE. CONSUMER STATES THAT IF THIS INCIDENT HAPPENED WHILE DRIVING AT A HIGH RATE OF SPEED HE WOULD HAVE LOSS CONTROL OF THE VEHICLE. *TC

    NHTSA complaint 10081763
  17. Filed Jul 16, 2004Failure Jul 1, 200497,000 milesPaducah, KYAutomatic transmission

    1998 SUBURBAN W/ 4L60E TRANSMISSION, SHIFTING HARD 1-2 AND 2-3. RESEARCH SHOWS IT IS A KNOWN PROBLEM OF MANUFACTURER ADDRESSES UNDER GM TECH SERV BULLETIN 01-07-30-023B. FURTHER, INTERNET SEARCH INDICATES THAT PROBLEM IS MANUFACTURERS DESIGN ERROR, AND THAT ONLY PERMANENT FIX IS TO USE AN AFTERMARKET SUPPLIERS RE-DESIGNED REPLACEMENT PART. CURRENTLY, I AM IN THE POSITION OF HAVING TO SEEK REPAIR AT ESTIMATED COSTS RANGING FROM $1800-2800 FROM LOCAL SERVICE PROVIDERS. *AK

    NHTSA complaint 10081201
  18. Filed Jul 9, 2004Failure Jul 8, 2004Fresno, CAWiringFire

    FIRE THEN SMOKE COMING FROM WIRE HARNESS.*AK

    NHTSA complaint 10080650
  19. Filed Mar 8, 2004Beaver, WVSteering

    WHILE DRIVING AND WHEN TURNING STEERING WHEEL JERKS IN THE SAME DIRECTION. *AK

    NHTSA complaint 10061591
  20. Filed Mar 4, 2004Failure Mar 4, 200414 milesBerlin, NJRecreational vehicle/trailer, Fuel system, Fuel pump

    MY 1998 SUBURBAN HAS HAD TWO NEW FUEL PUMPS INSTALLED BY THE DEALER WITHIN FOUR MONTHS.AFTER A SHORT TIME, APPROX.2 MONTHS. THE FUEL PUMP STILL MAKES A BUZZING NOISE.*AK

    NHTSA complaint 10060460
Source: NHTSA ODI complaints file.
Investigations

NHTSA has not opened an investigation on this model year

Source: NHTSA ODI investigations file.
Service bulletins

35 manufacturer communications cover this model year

Technical service bulletins and other notices the manufacturer sent to dealers. A bulletin is not a recall.

  • Recalls Jun 30, 2014 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    Vehicle Recalls
  • 130089009 Sep 1, 2013 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    Expanded Availability for Remanufacture and Return (R&R) Electronic Control Modules
  • 17-NA-073 Feb 21, 2023 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This warranty administration bulletin provides information regarding the field action courtesy transportation policy.
  • PIP4723F Jan 14, 2022 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This Preliminary Information communicates to the dealer the process for downloading or updating operating software for the Tire Pressure Monitor, Active Fuel Injector tester, multi media tester, PICO Scope, GR8 starting/charging tester  and Vehicle Data Rec…
  • PIP4723D Jan 31, 2020 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This Preliminary Information communicates to the dealer the process for downloading or updating operating software for the Tire Pressure Monitor, Active Fuel Injector tester, multi media tester, PICO Scope, GR8 starting/charging tester  and Vehicle Data Rec…
  • 19NA273 Dec 2, 2019 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This informational bulletin provides information for dealers/technicians on Procedures to Unlock Delco Radio with Theftlock.
  • PIC4696E Nov 22, 2019 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This Preliminary Information communication provides information to the technician on how to unlock radios that are Delco TheftLock. Technician will use the radio to get the scrambled code. Technician will need to contact the radio unlock center to retrieve …
  • 17NA073 Sep 18, 2019 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This warranty administration bulletin provides information regarding the field action courtesy transportation policy.
  • PIC4696D Sep 5, 2019 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This Preliminary Information communication provides information to the technician on how to unlock radios that are Delco TheftLock. Technician will use the radio to get the scrambled code. Technician will need to contact the radio unlock center to retrieve …
  • PIP4723C Sep 20, 2017 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This Preliminary Information communicates to the dealer the process for downloading or updating operating software for the Tire Pressure Monitor, Active Fuel Injector tester, multi media tester, PICO Scope, GR8 starting/charging tester and Vehicle Data Reco…
  • 17NA073 Feb 15, 2019 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This warranty administration bulletin provides information regarding the field action courtesy transportation policy.
  • PIC4696C May 31, 2018 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This Preliminary Information communication provides information to the technician on how to unlock radios that are Delco Theft Lock. Technician will use the radio to get the scrambled code. Technician will need to contact the radio unlock center to retrieve…
  • PI0969 May 3, 2013 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This preliminary informational bulletin provides information on High Oil Pressure on Startup After Engine Replacement Concern.
  • 17-NA-073 Mar 15, 2017 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This warranty administration bulletin provides policy information with the field action courtesy transportation policy.
  • 05-06-04-035D May 9, 2014 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This informational bulletin provides the technician with information on what E85 fuel may due to a non E85 vehicle.
  • PIC4696B Dec 4, 2015 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This Preliminary Information communication provides information to the technician on how to unlock radios that are Delco TheftLock. Technician will use the radio to get the scrambled code. Technician will need to contact the radio unlock center to retrieve …
  • PIC4696A Oct 23, 2015 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This Preliminary Information communication provides information to the technician on how to unlock radios that are Delco TheftLock. Technician will use the radio to get the scrambled code. Technician will need to contact the radio unlock center to retrieve …
  • PIP4723B Feb 22, 2017 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    This Preliminary Information communicates to the dealer the process for downloading or updating operating software for the Tire Pressure Monitor, Active Fuel Injector tester, multi media tester, PICO Scope, GR8 starting/charging tester and Vehicle Data Reco…
  • 3340 Sep 23, 2006 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    LEFT FRONT AXLE SHAFT DIFFICULT TO REMOVE. AXLE DIFFERENTIAL LEAK SEAL SHAFT. *KB
  • 3389 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    FOUR WHEEL DRIVE INOPERATIVE AND THE 4WD SERVICE LIGHT WILL ILLUMINATE. DIAGNOSIS MAY REVEAL THAT THE ATC FUSE COULD BE OPEN, POSSIBLE DTC C0308, OR VARIOUS U CODES MAY BE SET. THE ENCODER MOTOR MAY ALSO BE SHORTED OR THE TCCM MAY BE DAMAGED. *TT
  • 040604088 Mar 1, 2005 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    REPLACEMENT OF CONNECTOR WHEN REPLACING FUEL TANK MODULE/FUEL PUMP MODULE. *TT
  • 030236002 Aug 1, 2003 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    REVISED STEERING WHEEL POSITION SENSOR OR STEERING SHAFT LOWER BEARING REPLACEMENT PROCEDURE AND STEERING WHEEL POSITION SENSOR CENTERING PROCEDURE. *EH
  • 3005 Jan 1, 2004 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    93-00 FULL SIZE UTILITIES (GMT 400 OLD STYLE ONLY) AC BLOWS WARM AND THE HIGH SIDE PRESSURE IS TOO HIGH. *MJ
  • 990730016A Oct 1, 2002 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    DIAGNOSTIC INFORMATION FOR INTERMITTENT TRANSMISSION DOWNSHIFT, SLIP, BUSY/CYCLING TCC OR NOISY COOLING FAN. *TT
  • 01599 Jan 1, 2004 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    4L60E, 4L65E FORWARD AND LOW REVERSE WAVED STEEL CLUTCH PLATE APPEARANCE CHANGE. *TT
  • 030730056 Nov 1, 2003 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    4L60-E AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION OIL PUMP FIRST AND SECOND DESIGN IDENTIFICATION. *TT
  • 03006 Apr 18, 2003 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    ELECTRIC OUTSIDE REARVIEW MIRROR SWITCH SHORT CIRCUIT. *TT
  • 020421005A Feb 1, 2003 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    SLIPS IN 4-WHEEL DRIVE, NOISE, VIBRATION, LEAKS, HOT ODOR. *TT
  • 020421005 Jun 1, 2002 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    SOME VEHICLES WILL NOT MOVE WHEN 4-WHEEL DRIVE IS REQUESTED, NOISE, SHUDDER, POOR PERFORMANCE, TRANSMISSION / TRANSFER CASE SLIPS, TRANSMISSION WILL NOT UPSHIFT, SLIPS IN 4-WHEEL DRIVE. *TT
  • 010856004A Sep 1, 2001 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    INFORMATION REGARDING SECURITY LAMP ILLUMINATION ON THE INSTUMENT PANEL, ENGINE STALLS. *YH
  • 010856004 Aug 1, 2001 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    INFORMATION REGARDING SECURITY LAMP ILLUMINATING ON THE INSTRUMENT PANEL, ENGINE STALL, NO START, AND DIAGNOSIC TROUBLE CODE B2960. *SLC
  • 990524001A Sep 1, 1999 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    BRAKE LEAD/PULL AND FRONT BRAKE WEAR. *MJS
  • 990524001 Jun 1, 1999 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    SOME CAB CHASSIS, CREW CAB, AND PICKUP MODELS MAY EXHIBIT A BRAKE LEAD / PULL AND FRONT BRAKE WEAR. *TT
  • 98865020A Sep 1, 1998 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    VEHICLES LEADING OR PULLING TO EITHER SIDE WHILE APPLYING THE BRAKES, AND PREMATURE FRONT BRAKE WEAR, ESPECIALLY VEHICLES THAT HAVE BEEN USED TO TOW A HEAVY LOAD. *YC
  • 98865020 Apr 1, 1998 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    VEHICLE LEADING OR PULLING TO EITHER SIDE WHILE APPLYING THE BRAKES OR FRONT BRAKE WEAR NOT MEETING EXPECTATIONS. *YC
Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications files.