Model year

1998 Kia Sephia

Sedan, gasoline, built in South Korea. Owner complaints on file from Jun 17, 1998 to Nov 19, 2019.

Recall campaigns covering this model year6611k vehicles or units across those campaigns
Owner complaints49120.5 times the median 1998 sedan
Severity index10.41998 sedans average 12.4
First 24 months97Complaints in its first two years
Complaints over time

Complaints about the 1998 Kia Sephia peaked in 1999, with 180 filed

Owner complaints about this model year, by the year they were filed with NHTSA.

0501001502001998180200120042007201020132016201920222026
Source: NHTSA ODI complaints file. The lighter column runs through October.
Components

52% of complaints about the 1998 Kia Sephia name brakes

Owner complaints by component. Hover or focus a bar for the crash, fire, injury or death count.

Brakes
256
Engine and cooling
108
Electrical system
104
Powertrain
68
Fuel system
62
Visibility and wipers
44
Airbags
31
Lighting
28
Equipment
26
Structure
26
Source: NHTSA ODI complaints file. A complaint can name more than one component; it is counted under the first.
Recalls

6 recall campaigns cover the 1998 Kia Sephia

Check a specific vehicle by VIN on NHTSA's site: a campaign may cover only part of a model year's production.

Recall campaigns for the 1998 Kia Sephia
CampaignFiledSubjectComponentVehiclesRemedy
02V-216Aug 16, 2002On certain passenger vehicles, the safety belt buckle may "false latch" and expose the driver to unrestrained movement during a crashSeat belts189,706Not stated
02V-207Jul 29, 2002On certain passenger vehicles with 36,000 miles or less as of july 15, 2002, an electrical contact problem may have developed in the hazard switch…Lighting25,000Part replacement
00V-175Jul 17, 2000Vehicle description: passenger vehiclesEngine and cooling100,137Part replacement
99V-318Nov 9, 1999Vehicle description: passenger vehiclesFuel system102,944Not stated
99V-317Nov 9, 1999Vehicle description: passenger vehiclesFuel system102,944Part replacement
99V-271Oct 6, 1999Vehicle description: passenger vehiclesVisibility and wipers90,054Part replacement
Source: NHTSA ODI recalls file.
Owner complaints

What owners reported about the 1998 Kia Sephia

The full text of every complaint filed with NHTSA about this model year, newest first. Complaints are filed by owners and are not verified by NHTSA; NHTSA removes personal details before publishing.

491 complaints on file, page 1 of 25.

  1. Filed Nov 19, 2019Failure Nov 11, 2019119,000 milesCentralia, WAFuel/propulsion system

    TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 1998 KIA SEPHIA. WHILE DRIVING VARIOUS SPEEDS, THE VEHICLE WOULD SHUT OFF WITHOUT WARNING. THE CONTACT ASSOCIATED THE FAILURE WITH NHTSA CAMPAIGN NUMBER: 99V317000 (FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE). THE CONTACT WAS INFORMED BY THE MANUFACTURER THAT THE VEHICLE HAD BEEN SERVICED FOR THE RECALL IN 1999. THE CONTACT TOOK THE VEHICLE TO HANSON KIA (2300 CARRIAGE LOOP SW, OLYMPIA, WA 98502, (360) 943-2120) AND WAS INFORMED THAT A DIAGNOSTIC TEST NEEDED TO BE PERFORMED TO DETERMINE THE CAUSE OF THE FAILURE. THE VEHICLE HAD NOT BEEN REPAIRED. THE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 119,000.

    NHTSA complaint 11281090
  2. Filed Apr 18, 2013Failure Apr 16, 200955,000 milesBaltimore, MDVisibility/wiper

    TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 1998 KIA SEPHIA. THE CONTACT STATED THAT WHEN SHE ACTIVATED THE WINDSHIELD WIPERS, THE WIPER SCRATCHED THE WINDSHIELD AND DID NOT CLEAR THE RAIN. THE CONTACT TOOK THE VEHICLE TO THE DEALER AND THE VEHICLE WAS REPAIRED UNDER NHTSA CAMPAIGN ID NUMBER: 99V271000 (VISIBILITY) HOWEVER, THE FAILURE RECURRED. THE VEHICLE WAS TAKEN BACK TO THE DEALER WHERE THEY STATED THAT THE WINDSHIELD WIPER MOTOR NEEDED TO BE REPLACED. THE MANUFACTURER WAS NOTIFIED OF THE FAILURE. THE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 55,000.

    NHTSA complaint 10508669
  3. Filed Aug 4, 2010Failure Jul 29, 2010120,553 milesMoses Lake, WARack and pinion

    TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 1998 KIA SEPHIA. THE CONTACT WAS REVERSING FROM A PARKING SPACE WHEN HE HEARD AN UNUSUAL CLICK. THE STEERING WHEEL BEGAN TO LOCK YET THE CONTACT WAS ABLE TO MOVE THE WHEEL. HE PROCEEDED TO DRIVE TO HIS RESIDENCE AS THE STEERING BECAME INCREASINGLY DIFFICULT. THE CONTACT NOTICED THE RACK AND PINION MOUNTING BRACKET HAD FRACTURED FROM THE FIRE WALL. THE VEHICLE WAS NOT REPAIRED. THE FAILURE AND CURRENT MILEAGES WERE 120,553.

    NHTSA complaint 10347268
  4. Filed Feb 24, 2010Failure Dec 3, 2009160,000 milesLee's Summit, MOVehicle speed control

    TL*THE CONTACT OWNS A 1998 KIA SEPHIA. WHILE DRIVING APPROXIMATELY 35 MPH THE VEHICLE BEGAN TO ACCELERATE TO 50 MPH ON ITS OWN. THE DRIVER STATED THAT HE HAD TO PRESS THE BRAKE PEDAL EXCESSIVELY IN ORDER TO SLOW THE VEHICLE DOWN. THE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 160,000. THE CURRENT MILEAGE WAS 171,000. THE VIN WAS UNAVAILABLE. THE DRIVER ALSO STATED THAT HE NOTIFIED THE DEALER AND THEY TOLD HIM THAT SOMEONE WOULD CONTACT HIM.

    NHTSA complaint 10313889
  5. Filed Mar 12, 2009Failure Jan 5, 2009108,083 milesMagna, UTFuel system, Gasoline

    TL*THE CONTACT OWNS A 1998 KIA SEPHIA. THE CONTACT NOTICED THAT HIS VEHICLE WOULD PERIODICALLY FAIL TO START. ON ONE OCCASION, THE VEHICLE WAS TOWED TO A REPAIR SHOP AND THE MECHANIC CHANGED THE FUEL PUMP. A FEW WEEKS LATER, THE FAILURE RECURRED. THE MECHANIC CHANGED THE FUEL PUMP RELAY, BUT THE FAILURE STILL OCCURRED. THE MECHANIC REFERENCED NHTSA CAMPAIGN ID NUMBERS 99V317000 AND 99V318000 (FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE:DELIVERY:FUEL PUMP) AND SHOWED THE CONTACT A WIRE IN THE FUEL SYSTEM THAT WAS NOT INSULATED AND HAD BEEN OVERHEATING. ONCE THE WIRE WAS REMOVED, THE FAILURE SEEM TO BE RESOLVED. THE MECHANIC REPLACED ALL THE WIRES AND CONNECTORS AND RE-SAUTERED EVERYTHING. THE MANUFACTURER STATED THAT THE RECALL REPAIR WAS ALREADY PERFORMED ON THE VEHICLE AND WOULD NOT ASSIST. THE CURRENT MILEAGE WAS APPROXIMATELY 109,250 AND FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 108,083.

    NHTSA complaint 10261658
  6. Filed Jul 17, 2008Failure Jun 1, 200780,200 milesColumbus, OHStructure

    THE DASH BOARD IS CURLING UP AROUND THE FRONT WINDOW VENTS WHICH IS KICKING THE VENTS OUT. *TR

    NHTSA complaint 10234731
  7. Filed Jul 17, 2008Failure Apr 10, 200780,000 milesColumbus, OHService brakes, Hydraulic

    MY 1998 KIA SEPHIA REAR BRAKE PAD FELL OFF FELL OFF THE SHOE. APPARENTLY THEY ARE HELD ON BY GLUE. IT WAS REPLACED BUT I STILL HAVE PROBLEMS WHEN IT RAINS A LOT , THEY LOCK UP WHEN PARKED. I DON'T DARE USE MY EMERGENCY BRAKE BECAUSE THE BRAKES LOCK UP. *TR

    NHTSA complaint 10234729
  8. Filed Sep 12, 2007Failure Aug 21, 200730,090 milesDrexel Hill, PAFrontal1 injured

    THE AIRBAG IN MY DAUGHTERS KIA SEPHIA 1998 PASSENGER SIDE ONLY DEPLOYED WHILE SHE WAS SITTING AT A RED LIGHT. THERE WAS NO ACCIDENT AND NO REASON FOR THE AIRBAG TO GO OFF. TOOK TO DEALSHIP FOR REVIEW AND WAS TOLD THAT THE EXPERT LOOKED AT THE CAR AND SAID THERE IS NOTHING THEY CAN DO AND NO IDEA WHY IT HAPPEN. THEN CONTINUED TO SAY THAT SOMEONE COULD HAVE DONE SOMETHING WRONG TO THE CAR AND WE WOULD NEVER NO, BUT THEY WERE NOT GOING TO SPEND ANY MORE TIME OR MONEY TO FIND OUT WHAT REALLY MAY HAVE CAUSED THIS. MY DAUGHTER, THE DRIVER, WAS SLIGHTLY INJURED AND NOW IS AFFRAID WHILE DRIVING OR RIDING IN A CAR.

    NHTSA complaint 10202846
  9. Filed Jul 23, 2007Failure Mar 26, 2007Cedar City, UTFrontalCrash

    TL*THE CONTACT OWNED A 1998 KIA SEPHIA. A RELATIVE WAS DRIVING THE CONSUMERS VEHICLE AND HE SAW HIS BROTHER DRIVING IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION. HE SWERVED TO PLAY A GAME WITH HIS BROTHER, BUT INSTEAD HE LOST CONTROL OF THE VEHICLE AND CRASHED HEAD ON INTO THE OTHER VEHICLE. THE DRIVERS AIR BAG FAILED TO DEPLOY, HOWEVER THE PASSENGER AIR BAG DEPLOYED AND THERE WERE NO PASSENGERS. UPDATED 04/30/08. LJ THE CONSUMERS ALSO OWNS A 2000 TOYOTA TACOMA WHICH WAS ALSO INVOLVED IN THE ACCIDENT AND THE DRIVERS AIR BAG DID NOT DEPLOY. UPDATED

    NHTSA complaint 10197282
  10. Filed Jul 18, 2007Failure Mar 2, 199980 milesGeorgetown, DEWiring, Automatic transmission, Service brakes, Antilock/traction control/electronic limited slip

    I BROUGHT A NEW KIA SEPHIA IN 1998, AND HAD NOTHING BUT TROUBLE WITH IT! TRANSMISSION WAS REPLACED 2 TIMES BY THE MECHANIC FOR KIA MOTORS, AND NEEDED TO BE REPLACED AGAIN ON 7/2007. ALSO , THE BRAKES HAVE BEEN REPLACED 4 TIMES AND NEED TO BE REPLACED AGAIN. NOW THE HEADLIGHTS KEEP TURNING OFF WHILE DRIVING AT NIGHT, BUT NO MECHANIC CAN LOCATE THE ELECTRICAL SHORT PROBLEM. *AK

    NHTSA complaint 10196733
  11. Filed Mar 29, 2007Failure Oct 25, 2006Oakmont, PAElectrical system

    TL*- THE CONTACT STATED THAT WHEN TRYING TO MERGE INTO TRAFFIC WITH THE 1998 KIA SOPHIA IT STALLED. WHEN THIS HAPPENED INSTRUMENT PANEL LIGHTS TURNED ON. THE VEHICLE STALLED IN HEAVY TRAFFIC, AND SHE HAD TO PUT THE VEHICLE IN PARK AND RESTART IT. THE CONTACT STATED THAT THE VEHICLE'S CURRENT MILEAGE WAS 70,000 MILES. THE DEALERSHIP INFORMED HER THAT SHE NEEDED A NEW VEHICLE. THE CONTACT STATED THAT THE DEALERSHIP FOUND NOTHING WRONG WITH THE VEHICLE. THE VEHICLE STALLED INTERMITTENTLY. AT TIMES WHEN THE VEHICLE STALLED, AND SHE TRIES TO RESTART IT, THE VEHICLE WOULD NOT RESTART. *AK

    NHTSA complaint 10186459
  12. Filed May 20, 2006Failure May 19, 2006127,000 milesAbilene, TXEngineFire

    MY WIFE WAS DRIVING OUR 1998 KIA SEPHIA AND THE ENGINE BEGAN TO STALL. SHE PULLED INTO A PARKING LOT AND THE ENGINE CAUGHT ON FIRE. MY WIFE RAN AWAY FORM THE VEHICLE. THE WHOLE FRONT OF THE CAR WAS BURNED UP. *NM

    NHTSA complaint 10157930
  13. Filed Feb 24, 2006Failure Jan 6, 200683,500 milesFontana, CAFuel system, Fuel injection system

    FLASHING OVERDRIVE DASH LIGHT AND CHECK ENGINE LIGHT CONTINUALLY LIT DUE TO FAULTY PRESSURE SENSOR AT FUEL INJECTOR. *NM

    NHTSA complaint 10151084
  14. Filed Sep 3, 2005Failure Jun 1, 2004Chandler, AZElectrical system, Fan

    OVER A PERIOD OF TIME, APPROXIMATELY 70,00 MILES ON MY CAR, THE AC/HEATER FAN MOTOR WILL BLOW AIR INTERMITTENTLY, REGARDLESS OF THE FAN'S SPEED SETTING. EVENTUALLY, THE FAN STOPS BLOWING ALL TOGETHER. THIS SAME THING HAS HAPPENED WITH MY 1999 KIA SEPHIA. *JB

    NHTSA complaint 10135239
  15. Filed Jul 16, 2005Failure Jul 15, 200580,000 milesCookeville, TNEquipment, Service brakes, Master cylinder, Structure

    1-LEAKING BRAKE FLUID INSIDE FIREWALL 2-DASHBOARD DISFIGURING 3-EXAUST MANIFOLD GASKETS NOT LASTING

    NHTSA complaint 10128964
  16. Filed Jun 6, 2005Failure Jun 4, 2005Redoak, VAElectrical system

    DT: VEHICLE ENGINE STALLS. KIA 1998 HAD BEEN RECALLED. PROBLEM WAS SUPPOSED TO BE FIXED, HOWEVER, VEHICLE CONTINUES TO HAVE PROBLEM. *TT

    NHTSA complaint 10124385
  17. Filed Oct 15, 2004Failure Oct 15, 200454,000 milesRobbins, ILService brakes, Hydraulic

    THE CONSUMER STATES THE FRONT BRAKES ARE WEARING PREMATURELY. THE PART HAVE BEEN REPLACED FIVE TIMES HOWEVER PROBLEM STILL EXIST. THE CAUSE HAS YET TO BE DETERMINED. PLEASE PROVIDE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION. *NM

    NHTSA complaint 10096938
  18. Filed Oct 14, 2004Failure Oct 12, 2004128,333 milesSoledad, CAFrontalCrash1 injured

    WHILE DRIVING 60 MPH THE VEHICLE WAS INVOLVED IN A FRONTAL COLLISION. THE DUAL AIR BAG DID NOT DEPLOY UPON IMPACT. THE CONSUMER SUSTAINED BRUISING FROM THE SEAT BELT. PLEASE PROVIDE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION.

    NHTSA complaint 10096855
  19. Filed Sep 7, 2004Failure Sep 7, 2004Tallahassee, FLService brakes, Antilock/traction control/electronic limited slip

    THE CONSUMER APPLIED THE BRAKES AND THE PEDAL WENT TO THE FLOOR. THE DRIVER WAS ABLE TO MAINTAIN CONTROL OF THE VEHICLE AND DROVE TO THE DEALER. THE MECHANIC INFORMED THE CONSUMER THAT THE PROBLEM COULD NOT BE DUPLICATED. THE CONSUMER INFORMED THE MECHANIC THIS PROBLEM HAS OCCURRED MORE THAN ONCE AND THE PROBLEM HAS NOT BEEN RESOLVED. PLEASE PROVIDE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION. *JB

    NHTSA complaint 10091514
  20. Filed Aug 27, 2004Failure Aug 27, 2004Patchogue, NYAutomatic transmission

    WHILE SHIFTING TRANSMISSION DOWN SHIFTED ON ITS OWN, AND THE SHIFT LOCK SYSTEM FAILED. CONSUMER WAS UNABLE TO UNLOCK THE SHIFT LEVER IN ORDER TO MOVE THE VEHICLE. CONSUMER HAD THE VEHICLE TOWED TO THE DEALER FOR INSPECTION. *AK

    NHTSA complaint 10089958
Source: NHTSA ODI complaints file.
Investigations

12 NHTSA investigations on file

  • EA04004 Engineering analysis, Fuel system
    REFUELING SPIT BACK
    Opened Feb 3, 2004, closed Jul 29, 2004
  • RQ03006 Recall query, Fuel system
    REFUELING SPIT BACK
    Opened Aug 15, 2003, closed Feb 3, 2004
  • EA02016 Engineering analysis, Electrical system
    NON-CRASH ENGINE COMPARTMENT FIRES
    Opened Aug 6, 2002, closed Oct 7, 2003
  • PE02051 Preliminary evaluation, Seat belts
    SAFETY BELT BUCKLE MALFUNCTION
    Opened Jun 17, 2002, closed Sep 20, 2002 · led to a recall
  • PE02028 Preliminary evaluation, Electrical system
    BATTERY CABLE CHAFING
    Opened Mar 6, 2002, closed Aug 6, 2002
  • PE00028 Preliminary evaluation, Powertrain
    TRANSMISSION OIL COOLER LINE
    Opened Jul 12, 2000, closed Nov 7, 2000
  • EA00018 Engineering analysis, Lighting
    TURN SIGHAL
    Opened Jun 29, 2000, closed Jul 29, 2002 · led to a recall
  • PE00004 Preliminary evaluation, Lighting
    TURN SIGNAL, TRAFFIC SAFETY HAZARD
    Opened Jan 13, 2000, closed Jun 29, 2000
  • EA99034 Engineering analysis, Speed control
    REFUELING SPIT BACK
    Opened Dec 16, 1999, closed Jun 29, 2000 · led to a recall
  • SQ99020 Safety query, Speed control
    INTERMITTENT STALLING
    Opened Jun 30, 1999, closed Jan 12, 2000 · led to a recall
  • PE99042 Preliminary evaluation, Speed control
    REFUELING SPIT- BACK
    Opened Jun 24, 1999, closed Dec 16, 1999
  • PE99033 Preliminary evaluation, Visibility and wipers
    WINDSHIELD WIPER
    Opened May 6, 1999, closed Oct 21, 1999 · led to a recall
Source: NHTSA ODI investigations file.
Service bulletins

19 manufacturer communications cover this model year

Technical service bulletins and other notices the manufacturer sent to dealers. A bulletin is not a recall.

  • TSB_BOD055_R1 Sep 13, 2021 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    TECHNICAL SERVICE BULLETIN: INFORMATION FOR HEADLAMP CONDENSATION AND MOISTURE - This bulletin has been revised to include additional information. New/revised sections of this bulletin are indicated by a black bar in the margin area. This bulletin provides …
  • PS539 Mar 2, 2018 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    PITSTOP - ENGINE COMPONENT RE-USE GUIDELINES - In general, parts and components removed during engine repairs should be considered serviceable, and should be thoroughly cleaned and transferred to the new engine.
  • TSB-GEN085R1 Jan 18, 2017 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    TSB: MANDATORY REPLACEMENT OF LOCKING/SECURITY HARDWARE - By design, certain fasteners, which are designed to lock into place once fully attached, are utilized in various Kia models and are strictly intended for ?one time use.? Some examples are: axle shaft…
  • TSB-GEN085 Nov 4, 2016 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    TSB: MANDATORY REPLACEMENT OF LOCKING/SECURITY HARDWARE - By design, certain fasteners utilized in various Kia models are strictly intended for ?one time use?. Though not limited to the following, some examples are: axle shaft nuts with stake collar, cotter…
  • TSBTRA046 Dec 6, 2013 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    TSB: AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUID APPLICATION GUIDE - THIS BULLETIN PROVIDES INFORMATION RELATING TO THE CORRECT AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUIDS THAT ARE REQUIRED FOR EACH KIA MODEL. REFER TO THE SHOP MANUAL ON KGIS FOR THE SPECIFIC KIA MODEL, THEN REFERENCE …
  • KT-2008082201 Aug 28, 2008 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    KIA: ALL MODELS. ARTICLE PROVIDES INFORMATION RELATING TO THE IMPROVED DURABILITY OF BULB LIFE FOR REAR COMBINATION BULB; REAR STOP LAMP/TAIL LAMP BULB UTILIZED ON MULTIPLE KIA MODELS. *PE
  • 017 Sep 1, 2004 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    CHARGING SYSTEM UPGRADE. *TT
  • 035R Jan 1, 2004 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    BATTERY CABLE CHAFING INSPECTION, REPAIR AND REPLACEMENT. REVISED TECHNICAL SERVICE BULLETIN. *TT
  • 035 Dec 1, 2003 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    BATTERY CABLE CHAFING INSPECTION, REPAIR AND REPLACEMENT. TECHNICAL SERVICE BULLETIN, LETTERS TO SERVICE MANAGERS AND DEALERS AND OWNERS. *TT
  • 027 Dec 1, 2002 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    THIS BULLETIN PROVIDED INFORMATION RELATED TO RECALL CAMPAIGN 027 TO REPLACE THE FRONT SEAT BELT BUCKLES. *TT
  • 027 Dec 6, 2002 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    RECALL CAMPAIGN 027 TO REPLACE FRONT SEAT BELT BUCKLES. NOTIFICATION LETTER TO DEALERS. *TT
  • 025 Sep 1, 2002 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    THIS BULLETIN PROVIDES INFORMATION RELATED TO A SERVICE CAMPAIGN TO INSPECT POSSIBLE INTERFERENCE BETWEEN THE POSITIVE BATTERY CABLE AND THE AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION DIPSTICK. *TT
  • 007 Dec 1, 2001 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    A LOGIC CHANGE IN THE TRANSMISSION CONTROL MODULE (TCM). *TT
  • 008 Mar 1, 2002 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    AUTOMATIC TRANSAXLE DIAGNOSIS. CERTAIN MODELS INCLUDING ALL RIOS. *SLC
  • 020 Sep 1, 2001 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    SUBJECT ON FRONT DOOR LATCH. *ET
  • 001 Jun 1, 2000 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    THIS BULLETIN PROVIDES INFORMATION RELATED TO THE TURN SIGNAL CIRCUIT IN CERTAIN VEHICLES. IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE CIRCUIT WHEN DIAGNOSING A TURN SIGNAL MALFUNCTION. *TT
  • 003 Oct 1, 1999 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    THIS TECHINICAL SERVICE BULLETIN OUTLINES THE NEW SEPHIA REMANUFACTURED AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION PROGRAM. *TT
  • 98002 Aug 1, 1998 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    PROVIDED INFORMATION ON THE SEPHIA STARTER CIRCUIT. *YC
  • 98020100498 Jun 17, 1998 · Service Bulletin/Repair Instructions
    PROVIDED INFORMATION RELATED TO THE KIA MOTORS AMERICA TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CENTER AND THE TECH LINE WORKSHEET. *YC
Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications files.